- 流动生计与社会变迁:云南少数民族区域调查(田野中国)
- 王云仙 赵群主编
- 4257字
- 2020-08-29 09:22:28
四 结论性讨论
当前中国国民经济的迅速发展和众多的地区发展项目及政策并存,让中国的流动规模变得前所未有。以云南省几个少数民族农村社区的田野调查为基础,本研究记录了中国流动模式的多面性和复杂性。随着经济的快速发展和基础设施的建设,云南的少数民族要么被吸引去流动,要么被迫流动,其流动模式与宏观政策和经济结构的调整息息相关,流动的动力各不相同并时有重叠。流动作为能力和生计策略抑或是为发展所迫,对男性和女性都有不同的意义并引发不同的后果。
我们也发现,空间流动模式的变化会影响个体和集体的选择与行为,从而产生不同的社会流动形态。如今,人们的流动越来越受到外部因素如国家和市场的影响,而这些外部因素几乎无法控制,讨价还价的难度也日益增强。同时,我们在此也记录了,流动对许多少数民族来说并不陌生,因为这在其历史上是不断发生的。因此,传统的流动中包含稳定性,而这种稳定性又由周期性和季节性的流动所构成。
(一)迁徙与流动
我们研究的一个主要发现是,农村生活正变得越来越去本土化,家庭分散在各处,生计与生存农业的联系日益淡薄,而更多地与矿产、工业和经济作物相联系。此外,城市化和城市的生活方式,对已经处于边缘的弱势群体带来了更大的压力。所以,我们认为仅仅用“移民”“迁徙”这样的词已无法充分描述人们流动的程度。我们发现人们的流动不仅仅是从一个起点移动到一个终点,而且是关于移动在时空上的范围。迁徙和流动都是内涵丰富、具有背景特征的运动,但是研究流动可以捕捉到人们实践的流动性,这构成他们的日常社会生活,反映出他们选择的增加和受限。关注流动还能捕捉到移动的复杂性、移动中的不平等现象以及移动的社会性别因素。
我们发现了人们移动的不同形态。“流动的农村人口”在乡村的家和城市的住处来回移动。从生命轨迹来看流动,我们了解到,移动的观念和能力在不同代际是不同的。同时,我们也发现的确存在代际流动差别,如年轻夫妇,尤其是有学龄儿童的年轻夫妇移居到城市,其永久移居的可能性就很大。我们也了解到人们是如何做出流动抉择的。第一代移民攒钱寄回祖祖辈辈居住的农村老家,而新一代的移民则努力在城市开创新生活。
(二)流动与不流动
我们的实证研究显示,排斥的过程与流动和不流动都相关。我们发现不流动,即待在原地,与牵制人们的传统有关,正如其与促使人们寻求新的生计方式(不论被动与否)的新的移动活动相关一样。不同的地方存在一些根本的差异,因为这些差异是与不同的环境和社会—空间关系交织在一起的。例如,由于户籍制度的限制,流动的人们在年老时都倾向于回到祖居地。农村人口没有城市人口所拥有的养老保险和社会福利,他们的未来很不确定,所以,在家乡做些投入是退出城市生活的一个可能选择。我们认识到人们的移动是有意识的,因为他们不仅从一个地方移动到另一个地方,而且通常还来回移动,这部分取决于他们的公民权和享受社会福利的程度。所以,向完全的市场经济的过渡正迅速成为各少数民族面对的现实(这种现实往往让他们容易遭受到剥削)。
各章所显示的是,流动与不流动并非对立的两极,而是相互关联的两个维度。同时,流动的社会—政治因素又促进了我们对流动/不流动的复杂性的理解。正如本书许多案例中所记录的那样,外部机制如国家、企业以及地方政府导致流动形式具有多样性,并对女性和男性如何寻求新的生计产生影响。因此,研究流动、不流动和发展之间关系的必要性也就凸显出来。
(三)重新安置、异地安置和领地重划
目前迅速增多的关于流动的文献,都强调在流动/不流动产生的过程和人们异地安置的过程中国家所扮演的角色的重要性,并通过分析具体的异地安置事件,看国家如何强制实施、包容、排斥和促进异地安置的人们的流动。我们也记录了通常由国家和公司实施的重新安置和异地安置是如何成为人们流动的主要原因的。本书的实证数据显示,户籍制度有所松动,人们身体的流动可以不受户籍的过多限制,即使仍然试图继续做些传统的农活,但困难越来越大,所以许多人寻求新的生计方式。这些研究发现挑战了司各特(Scott, 2009)的推断,他认为东南亚的少数民族一直都保持流动。我们发现,流动虽然有促进作用,但它是受限制的。在全球化的生产过程中,流动劳动力被当作一种生产手段,但社会保障方面的限制影响了流动者的永久定居。
所以,我们的研究发现表明,在当前的社会变革形势下,中国的流动现象暗示着土地和资源的根本性再分配,而且这个过程从国家和地区层面来看都是不可逆的。因此,社会和空间流动的相互作用可能会给人们带来消极的影响,因为人们的选择有限,所以流动者在劳动力市场处于不利地位,尤其是少数民族妇女。
(四)日益女性化的流动
具有性别含义的流动代表着少数民族不可分割的流动经历。由于环境和结构的变化,如父权制度和新的社会—经济现状,我们发现流动中的性别因素正以新的方式呈现。例如,少数民族的流动有性别特点,因为女性和男性寻找的工作类别不同;女性更喜欢在农村和城市得到一些非正式的就业机会;农业正呈女性化趋势;妇女涉入一些新的领域,如做家政和保洁,从事性服务,从事娱乐业,成为农业劳动力和产业工人等。显然,与过去家庭的束缚和权力关系不同,如今妇女在新的空间扮演新的角色时,受传统文化和社会行为的影响要小些。这种变化对处在流动中的妇女既有赋权也有弱化其权力的可能。
不过,我们发现,虽然年轻男女离开家乡进城,远离传统文化和规范,但女性在家乡的选择仍受当地传统和规范的约束,尤其是在维持再生产的活动方面。例如,流动模式的代际变化,传统的社会性别角色在老一代和年轻一代间产生了差异。老一代移民把在外挣得的资源送回农村老家,男性外出也多为季节性的,中年妇女留在农村照料小孩和老人。我们发现,新经济使妇女扮演再生产的角色得到延伸。相反,年轻一代的移民会离开家乡数年,有的就不再回去了,特别是当他们的小孩需要更好的学校教育时。为了在城里过上好日子,年轻人变得更加自信,对他们自己的权益也更有意识。
由新自由主义政治纲领引发的全球经济结构重整对妇女生活产生的影响在学者们的著述中已有很好的记录(Elson, 1991; Lie & Lund, 1994, 2005; Sassen, 1998; UNRISD, 2005; Pearson, 2007),这些记录显示,经济全球化为了追求利润,把女性劳动力视为商品。越来越多的女性不得不离开家乡外出找工作挣钱(Kabeer, 2007; Pearson, 2007; Azmi & Lund, 2009),这导致劳动力女性化。此外,全球对农产品和矿产品的需求,使得发展中国家越来越少为本国民众生产食物和基本生活用品,传统生计状况恶化,贫困的男女寻求食物、住所和其他生活必需品的负担加重。强特(Chant, 2010)认为,性别与贫困的关系被过于简单化和低估。根据她的观点,我们应该重新思考“贫困女性化”,解决“责任女性化”的问题。我们的研究发现丰富了上述论述,因为我们的研究揭示了女性的劳动如何变为商品,这又如何导致她们陷入贫困中。但是,由于经济结构调整和不同的政治—空间关系,由于阻碍或促进各类流动的政策的实施,少数民族的地位依然较低。此外,由于缺乏教育,社会地位低,少数民族妇女在农村处于边缘化的地位,到了城市还是处于边缘化、易受伤害的地位。在新目的地或流动的生活处境中,从工资待遇、身份、健康保险、法律资源的利用、住房和其他基本服务来看,她们的公民权没有得到保护。虽然流动能带来新的就业机会,但这些服务和权益的缺失使得流动的意义打了折扣。
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